Speaker of the United States House of Representatives

Presiding officer of the United States House of Representatives

Speaker of the United States House of Representatives
Seal of the speaker
Flag of the speaker
Incumbent Nancy Pelosi since January iii, 2019
United States Firm of Representatives
Style	Madam Speaker (breezy) The Honorable (formal)
Condition	Presiding officer
Seat	United States Capitol, Washington, D.C.
Nominator	Major parties (normally)
Appointer	Business firm of Representatives
Term length	At the Business firm'due south pleasure; elected at the beginning of the new Congress by a majority of the representatives-elect, and upon a vacancy during a Congress.[1]
Constituting musical instrument	U.s.a. Constitution
Germination	March four, 1789; 232 years ago  (1789-03-04)
Outset holder	Frederick Muhlenberg April 1, 1789
Succession	2nd (iii United statesC. § 19)[2]
Deputy	Banana Speaker of the House of Representatives (Autonomous Political party usage but)
Bacon	$223,500 annually[three]
Website	speaker.gov

The speaker of the United States Firm of Representatives, commonly known as the speaker of the House, is the presiding officer of the Us House of Representatives. The part was established in 1789 past Article I, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution. The speaker is the political and parliamentary leader of the Business firm of Representatives and is simultaneously the House's presiding officeholder, de facto leader of the body's majority party, and the institution's authoritative head. Speakers also perform various other authoritative and procedural functions. Given these several roles and responsibilities, the speaker commonly does not personally preside over debates. That duty is instead delegated to members of the Firm from the bulk party. Neither does the speaker regularly participate in flooring debates.

The Constitution does non require the speaker to exist an incumbent member of the Business firm of Representatives, although every speaker thus far has been.^[4] The speaker is 2nd in the United States presidential line of succession, after the vice president and alee of the president pro tempore of the Senate.^[2]

The electric current Business firm speaker is Democrat Nancy Pelosi of California. She was elected to a quaternary (2nd consecutive) term as speaker on January 3, 2021, the first solar day of the 117th Congress. She has led the Autonomous Party in the House since 2003, and is the commencement woman to serve every bit speaker.^[5]

Selection [edit]

The House elects its speaker at the commencement of a new Congress (i.east. biennially, later on a general election) or when a speaker dies, resigns or is removed from the position intra-term. Since 1839, the Business firm has elected speakers by roll phone call vote.^[6] Traditionally, each party'south caucus or conference selects a candidate for the speakership from amongst its senior leaders prior to the roll call. Representatives are non restricted to voting for the candidate nominated by their party, but mostly do, equally the outcome of the election effectively determines which political party has the bulk and consequently will organize the Business firm.^[7] As the Constitution does not explicitly country that the speaker must be an incumbent member of the Firm, it is permissible for representatives to vote for someone who is not a member of the House at the fourth dimension, and not-members take received a few votes in diverse speaker elections over the by several years.^[8] Every person elected speaker, all the same, has been a member.^[7]

Representatives who choose to vote for someone other than their party's nominated candidate usually vote for someone else in their party or vote "present". Anyone who votes for the other political party's candidate would face serious consequences, as was the case when Democrat Jim Traficant voted for Republican Dennis Hastert in 2001 (107th Congress). In response, the Democrats stripped him of his seniority and he lost all of his committee posts.^[ix]

To be elected speaker, a candidate must receive a majority of the votes cast. If no candidate wins a majority, the roll call is repeated until a speaker is elected.^[7] Multiple gyre calls have been necessary merely 14 times (out of 126 speakership elections) since 1789; and not since 1923 (68th Congress), when a closely divided House needed ix ballots to elect Frederick H. Gillett speaker.^[i] Upon winning election the new speaker is immediately sworn in by the dean of the United States House of Representatives, the chamber's longest-serving fellow member.^{[10] [xi]}

History [edit]

Henry Dirt (1811–1814, 1815–1820, 1823–1825) used his influence every bit speaker to ensure the passage of measures he favored

The offset speaker of the House, Frederick Muhlenberg of Pennsylvania, was elected to office on April 1, 1789, the day the House organized itself at the kickoff of the 1st Congress. He served two non-sequent terms in the speaker'due south chair, 1789–1791 (1st Congress) and 1793–1795 (tertiary Congress).^[12]

Equally the Constitution does not state the duties of the speaker, the speaker'south part has largely been shaped past traditions and customs that evolved over time. Scholars are divided as to whether early speakers played largely ceremonial and impartial roles or whether they were more active partisan actors.^[13]

From early on in its existence, the speaker's primary office had been to keep order and enforce rules. The speakership was transformed into a position with ability over the legislative process under Henry Clay (1811–1814, 1815–1820, and 1823–1825).^{[xiv] [15]} In contrast to many of his predecessors, Clay participated in several debates and used his influence to procure the passage of measures he supported—for instance, the announcement of the War of 1812, and various laws relating to Clay'southward "American System" economic plan. Furthermore, when no candidate received an Balloter College majority in the 1824 presidential election, causing the president to be elected by the House, Speaker Clay threw his support to John Quincy Adams instead of Andrew Jackson, thereby ensuring Adams' victory. Following Clay'southward retirement in 1825, the power of the speakership one time once more began to decline, despite speakership elections condign increasingly biting. As the Civil War approached, several sectional factions nominated their own candidates, often making it hard for whatsoever candidate to attain a bulk. In 1855 and again in 1859, for example, the contest for speaker lasted for two months before the Business firm achieved a consequence. Speakers tended to have very brusque tenures during this catamenia. For example, from 1839 to 1863 there were eleven speakers, only i of whom served for more 1 term. To date, James K. Polk is the only speaker of the House who was afterwards elected president of the United States.

Towards the cease of the 19th century, the office of speaker began to develop into a very powerful one. At the time, one of the nigh important sources of the speaker's power was his position as Chairman of the Committee on Rules, which, later on the reorganization of the commission system in 1880, became 1 of the about powerful continuing committees of the House. Furthermore, several speakers became leading figures in their political parties; examples include Democrats Samuel J. Randall, John Griffin Carlisle, and Charles F. Crisp, and Republicans James 1000. Blaine, Thomas Brackett Reed, and Joseph Gurney Cannon.

The power of the speaker was profoundly augmented during the tenure of the Republican Thomas Brackett Reed (1889–1891, 1895–1899). "Czar Reed", as he was called by his opponents,^[16] sought to finish the obstruction of bills by the minority, in particular by countering the tactic known as the "disappearing quorum".^[17] By refusing to vote on a motion, the minority could ensure that a quorum would not be achieved and that the upshot would be invalid. Reed, however, declared that members who were in the chamber simply refused to vote would withal count for the purposes of determining a quorum. Through these and other rulings, Reed ensured that the Democrats could not cake the Republican agenda.

The speakership reached its apogee during the term of Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon (1903–1911). Cannon exercised boggling command over the legislative process. He determined the agenda of the House, appointed the members of all committees, chose committee chairmen, headed the Rules Commission, and determined which committee heard each bill. He vigorously used his powers to ensure that Republican proposals were passed by the House. In 1910, however, Democrats and several dissatisfied Republicans joined together to strip Cannon of many of his powers, including the ability to name commission members and his chairmanship of the Rules Committee.^[18] Xv years later, Speaker Nicholas Longworth restored much, simply not all, of the lost influence of the position.

Sam Rayburn (1940–1947; 1949–1953; and 1955–1961) was the longest serving speaker

Ane of the near influential speakers in history was Democrat Sam Rayburn.^[nineteen] Rayburn had the most cumulative time as speaker in history, property office from 1940 to 1947, 1949 to 1953, and 1955 to 1961. He helped shape many bills, working quietly in the background with House committees. He also helped ensure the passage of several domestic measures and foreign assistance programs advocated by Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry Truman.

Rayburn's successor, Democrat John W. McCormack (served 1962–1971), was a somewhat less influential speaker, particularly because of dissent from younger members of the Democratic Party. During the mid-1970s, the ability of the speakership once again grew under Democrat Carl Albert. The Committee on Rules ceased to be a semi-independent panel, as it had been since 1910. Instead, information technology in one case again became an arm of the party leadership. Moreover, in 1975, the speaker was granted the authorization to appoint a bulk of the members of the Rules Committee. Meanwhile, the ability of commission chairmen was concise, further increasing the relative influence of the speaker.

Albert'southward successor, Democrat Tip O'Neill, was a prominent speaker because of his public opposition to the policies of President Ronald Reagan. O'Neill is the longest continually serving speaker, from 1977 through 1987. He challenged Reagan on domestic programs and on defence expenditures. Republicans made O'Neill the target of their election campaigns in 1980 and 1982 but Democrats managed to retain their majorities in both years.

The roles of the parties reversed in 1994 when, after spending forty years in the minority, the Republicans regained command of the House with the "Contract with America", an thought spearheaded by Minority Whip Newt Gingrich. Speaker Gingrich would regularly disharmonism with Democratic President Bill Clinton, leading to the U.s. federal government shutdown of 1995 and 1996, in which Clinton was largely seen to have prevailed. Gingrich's concur on the leadership was weakened significantly past that and several other controversies, and he faced a caucus defection in 1997. Later the Republicans lost House seats in 1998 (although retaining a majority) he did not stand for a third term as speaker. His successor, Dennis Hastert, had been chosen as a compromise candidate since the other Republicans in the leadership were more controversial. Hastert played a much less prominent function than other contemporary speakers, beingness overshadowed past House Majority Leader Tom DeLay and President George W. Bush. The Republicans came out of the 2000 elections with a further reduced majority only made small gains in 2002 and 2004. The periods of 2001–2002 and 2003–2007 were the beginning times since 1953–1955 that there was single-political party Republican leadership in Washington, interrupted from 2001 to 2003 as Senator Jim Jeffords of Vermont left the Republican Party to become independent and caucused with Senate Democrats to give them a 51–49 majority.

In the 2006 midterm elections, the Democrats won a bulk in the House. Nancy Pelosi became speaker when the 110th Congress convened on Jan 4, 2007, making her the first adult female to agree the part. With the election of Barack Obama as president and Democratic gains in both houses of Congress, Pelosi became the showtime speaker since Tom Foley to agree the role during single-party Democratic leadership in Washington.^[xx] During the 111th Congress, Pelosi was the driving force backside several of Obama's major initiatives that proved controversial, and the Republicans campaigned against the Democrats' legislation by staging a "Burn Pelosi" omnibus tour^[21] and regained control of the House in the 2010 midterm elections.^[22]

John Boehner was elected speaker when the 112th Congress convened on January 5, 2011, and was subsequently re-elected twice, at the start of the 113th and 114th Congresses. On both of those occasions his remaining in part was threatened past the defection of several members from his own party who chose not to vote for him.^{[23] [24]} Boehner's tenure as speaker, which ended when he resigned from Congress in October 2015, was marked by multiple battles with the conservatives in his own political party related to "Obama Care," appropriations, among other political bug.^[25] This intra-political party discord continued nether Boehner's successor, Paul Ryan.

Post-obit the 2022 midterm elections which saw the ballot of a Democratic Party majority in the House of Representatives, Nancy Pelosi was elected speaker when the 116th Congress convened on January 3, 2019. When Republican leader John Boehner succeeded her every bit speaker in 2011, Pelosi remained the leader of the Democratic Political party in the House of Representatives and served as House minority leader for eight years before she led her party to victory in the 2022 elections. In addition to being the commencement woman to hold the office, Pelosi became the showtime speaker to return to ability since Sam Rayburn in the 1950s.^[26]

Notable elections [edit]

Speaker Nancy Pelosi (right) with Vice President Dick Cheney behind President George Due west. Bush at the 2007 State of the Union Address making history equally the first adult female to sit down behind the podium at such an address. President Bush acknowledged this past beginning his spoken communication with the words, "This evening, I accept a high privilege and distinct honor of my own — as the offset president to begin the Land of the Union bulletin with these words: Madam Speaker".^[27]

Historically, there take been several controversial elections to the speakership, such as the competition of 1839. In that instance, even though the 26th United States Congress convened on December 2, the Business firm could non begin the speakership election until December 14 because of an election dispute in New Jersey known as the "Broad Seal War". 2 rival delegations, i Whig and the other Democrat, had been certified as elected by different branches of the New Jersey government. The trouble was compounded past the fact that the issue of the dispute would determine whether the Whigs or the Democrats held the majority. Neither political party agreed to permit a speakership election with the opposite political party'due south delegation participating. Finally, it was agreed to exclude both delegations from the election and a speaker was finally called on December 17.

Another, more prolonged fight occurred in 1855 in the 34th United States Congress. The old Whig Party had collapsed but no unmarried party had emerged to supersede it. Candidates opposing the Democrats had run under a bewildering variety of labels, including Whig, Republican, American (Know Zilch), and simply "Opposition". By the time Congress actually met in December 1855, most of the northerners were concentrated together as Republicans, while most of the southerners and a few northerners used the American or Know Nothing label. Opponents of the Democrats held a majority in Firm, with the party makeup of the 234 representatives being 83 Democrats, 108 Republicans, and 43 Know Nothings (primarily southern oppositionists). The Democratic minority nominated William Alexander Richardson of Illinois as speaker, but because of sectional distrust, the diverse oppositionists were unable to agree on a single candidate for speaker. The Republicans supported Nathaniel Prentice Banks of Massachusetts, who had been elected every bit a Know Nothing just was now largely identified with the Republicans. The southern Know Nothings supported kickoff Humphrey Marshall of Kentucky, then Henry K. Fuller of Pennsylvania. The voting went on for virtually two months with no candidate able to secure a bulk, until it was finally agreed to elect the speaker by plurality vote, and Banks was elected.^[28] The Business firm found itself in a similar dilemma when the 36th Congress met in December 1859. Although the Republicans held a plurality, the Republican candidate, John Sherman, was unacceptable to southern oppositionists due to his anti-slavery views, and once over again the House was unable to elect a speaker. After Democrats centrolineal with southern oppositionists to nearly elect the North Carolina oppositionist William N. H. Smith, Sherman finally withdrew in favor of compromise candidate William Pennington of New Jersey, a former Whig of unclear partisan loyalties, who was finally elected speaker on February 1, 1860.^[29]

The last time that an election for speaker went beyond one ballot was in Dec 1923 at the starting time of the 68th Congress, when Republican Frederick H. Gillett needed nine ballots to win reelection. Progressive Republicans had refused to support Gillett in the first eight ballots. Only after winning concessions from Republican conference leaders (a seat on the House Rules Committee and a pledge that requested House rules changes would be considered) did they agree to support him.^{[thirty] [31]}

In 1997, several Republican congressional leaders tried to strength Speaker Newt Gingrich to resign. However, Gingrich refused since that would take required a new ballot for speaker, which could have led to Democrats along with dissenting Republicans voting for Democrat Dick Gephardt (and so minority leader) as speaker. After the 1998 midterm elections where the Republicans lost seats, Gingrich did non stand for re-election. The next two figures in the House Republican leadership bureaucracy, Majority Leader Richard Armey and Majority Whip Tom DeLay chose not to run for the office. The chairman of the House Appropriations Committee, Bob Livingston, declared his bid for the speakership, which was unopposed, making him speaker-designate. Information technology was then revealed, by Livingston himself, who had been publicly critical of President Neb Clinton's perjury during his sexual harassment trial, that he had engaged in an extramarital affair. He opted to resign from the House, despite being urged to stay on past House Democratic leader Gephardt. Later on, the chief deputy whip Dennis Hastert was selected as speaker. The Republicans retained their majorities in the 2000, 2002, and 2004 elections.

The Democrats won a majority of seats in the 2006 midterm elections. On Nov 16, 2006, Nancy Pelosi, who was then minority leader, was selected as speaker-designate by House Democrats.^[32] When the 110th Congress convened on Jan iv, 2007, she was elected equally the 52nd speaker by a vote of 233–202, becoming the kickoff adult female elected speaker of the Firm.^[33] Pelosi remained speaker through the 111th Congress.

Nigh recent election for speaker (2021) [edit]

The most recent election for Business firm speaker took place January 3, 2021, on the opening day of the 117th U.s.a. Congress, ii months after the 2022 House elections in which the Democrats won a majority of the seats. Incumbent speaker, Democrat Nancy Pelosi, secured a narrow majority of the 427 votes cast and was elected to a fourth (second consecutive) term. She received 216 votes to Republican Kevin McCarthy'southward 209 votes, with two votes going to other persons; also, three representatives answered present when their names were called.^[34]

Partisan function [edit]

Paul Ryan taking the oath of role upon becoming speaker on October 29, 2015

The Constitution does not spell out the political office of the speaker. Every bit the function has developed historically, nevertheless, information technology has taken on a clearly partisan cast, very unlike from the speakership of most Westminster-fashion legislatures, such as the speaker of the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland's Business firm of Eatables, which is meant to be scrupulously non-partisan. The speaker in the United States, by tradition, is the head of the majority political party in the House of Representatives, outranking the bulk leader. Notwithstanding, despite having the correct to vote, the speaker usually does not participate in argue.

The speaker is responsible for ensuring that the House passes legislation supported past the majority political party. In pursuing this goal, the speaker may utilise their ability to determine when each beak reaches the floor. They also chair the majority political party'southward steering committee in the House. While the speaker is the functioning head of the House majority party, the same is non true of the president pro tempore of the Senate, whose office is primarily formalism and honorary.

When the speaker and the president vest to the same party, the speaker tends to play the role in a more than ceremonial low-cal, as seen when Dennis Hastert played a very restrained role during the presidency of fellow Republican George W. Bush. Still, when the speaker and the president vest to the same party, there are also times that the speaker plays a much larger function, and the speaker is tasked, e.yard., with pushing through the agenda of the majority political party, often at the expense of the minority opposition. This can be seen, virtually of all, in the speakership of Democratic-Republican Henry Clay, who personally ensured the presidential victory of fellow Democratic-Republican John Quincy Adams. Democrat Sam Rayburn was a key thespian in the passing of New Deal legislation nether the presidency of beau Democrat Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon (under Theodore Roosevelt) was peculiarly infamous for his marginalization of the minority Democrats and centralizing of authority to the speakership. In more recent times, Speaker Nancy Pelosi played a role in continuing the push for health care reform during the presidency of boyfriend Democrat Barack Obama.^[35]

On the other mitt, when the speaker and the president belong to opposite parties, the public role and influence of the speaker tend to increment. As the highest-ranking fellow member of the opposition party (and de facto leader of the opposition), the speaker is normally the chief public opponent of the president's agenda. In this scenario, the speaker is known for undercutting the president's agenda by blocking measures by the minority party or rejecting bills by the Senate. One famous example came in the form of Thomas Brackett Reed (under Grover Cleveland), a speaker notorious for his successful attempt to forcefulness the Democrats to vote on measures where the Republicans had clear majorities, which ensured that Cleveland's Democrats were in no position to challenge the Republicans in the Firm. Joseph Cannon was particularly unique in that he led the conservative "Sometime Guard" wing of the Republican Political party, while his president – Theodore Roosevelt – was of the more progressive clique, and more than than just marginalizing the Democrats, Cannon used his ability to punish the dissidents in his political party and obstruct the progressive wing of the Republican Party.

More modern examples include Tip O'Neill, who was a vocal opponent of President Ronald Reagan's economical and defense policies; Newt Gingrich, who fought a bitter battle with President Bill Clinton for command of domestic policy; Nancy Pelosi, who argued with President George W. Bush-league over the Iraq War;^[22] John Boehner, who clashed with President Barack Obama over budget issues and health care;^[36] and once over again, Nancy Pelosi, who refused to support Donald Trump over funding for a edge wall.^[37]

Presiding officeholder [edit]

Equally presiding officer of the Firm of Representatives, the speaker holds a variety of powers over the Business firm and is ceremonially the highest-ranking legislative official in the US government.^[38] The speaker may delegate their powers to a member of the House to act every bit speaker pro tempore and to preside over the House in the speaker's absence; when this has occurred the delegation has always been to a member of the same party.^[39] During important debates, the speaker pro tempore is unremarkably a senior member of the majority party who may exist called for his or her skill in presiding. At other times, more than junior members may be assigned to preside to give them experience with the rules and procedures of the House. The speaker may also designate, with approval of the House, a speaker pro tempore for special purposes, such as designating a representative whose district is well-nigh Washington, D.C. to sign enrolled bills during long recesses.

Under the rules of the House, the speaker, "equally soon as practicable subsequently the election of the speaker and whenever advisable thereafter", must deliver to the clerk of the House a confidential listing of members who are designated to human activity equally speaker in the case of a vacancy or physical disability of the speaker to perform their duties.^[40]

On the floor of the House, the presiding officer is always addressed every bit "Mister Speaker" or "Madam Speaker", even if that person is serving as speaker pro tempore. When the House resolves itself into a Committee of the Whole, the speaker designates a member to preside over the committee, who is addressed as "Mister Chairman" or "Madam Chairwoman". To speak, members must seek the presiding officer's recognition. The presiding officeholder besides rules on all points of order but such rulings may be appealed to the whole House. The speaker is responsible for maintaining decorum in the Firm and may society the Sergeant-at-Arms to enforce Business firm rules.

The speaker's powers and duties extend across presiding in the bedroom. In detail, the speaker has neat influence over the committee process. The speaker selects 9 of the xiii members of the powerful Committee on Rules, discipline to the approval of the entire majority political party. The leadership of the minority party chooses the remaining 4 members. Furthermore, the speaker appoints all members of select committees and conference committees. Moreover, when a bill is introduced, the speaker determines which commission will consider it. As a fellow member of the House, the speaker is entitled to participate in debate and to vote. Unremarkably, the speaker votes just when the speaker'south vote would be decisive or on matters of keen importance, such as ramble amendments or major legislation.^[41] Under the early on rules of the House, the speaker was generally barred from voting, merely today the speaker has the same right as other members to vote simply only occasionally exercises information technology. The speaker may vote on any matter that comes before the Firm, and they are required to vote where their vote would be decisive or where the House is engaged in voting by ballot.^[42]

Other functions [edit]

The speaker's office in the US Capitol, during the term of Dennis Hastert (1999–2007)

In addition to existence the political and parliamentary leader of the House of Representatives and representing their congressional district, the speaker also performs diverse other administrative and procedural functions, such equally:

• Oversees the officers of the House: the clerk, the sergeant-at-arms, the chief administrative officer, and the clergyman;
• Serves as the chairperson of the House Office Building Commission;^[43]
• Appoints the House's parliamentarian,^[44] historian, general counsel, and inspector full general;^[45]
• Administers the House audio and video broadcasting system
• In consultation with the minority leader, can devise a organisation of drug testing in the House.^[43] This selection has never been exercised.^[46]
• Receives reports or other communications from the president, government agencies, boards, and commissions.^[43]
• Receives, forth with the president pro tempore of the Senate, written declarations that a U.Due south. president is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his part, or is able to resume them, under Sections three and 4 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment.^[47]

Additionally, the speaker is second in the presidential line of succession nether the Presidential Succession Act of 1947, immediately later the vice president and earlier the president pro tempore of the Senate (who is followed by members of the president'south Cabinet). Thus, if both the presidency and vice-presidency were vacant simultaneously, then the speaker would go acting president, after resigning from the Business firm and as speaker.^[48]

Ratification of the 20-5th Subpoena in 1967, with its machinery for filling an intra-term vice-presidential vacancy, has made calling on the speaker, president pro tempore, or a cabinet member to serve as acting president unlikely to happen, except in the aftermath of a catastrophic event.^[48] However, simply a few years subsequently it went into issue, in October 1973, at the top of Watergate, Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned. With Agnew's unexpected departure and the land of Richard Nixon's presidency, Speaker Carl Albert was suddenly commencement in line to become acting president. The vacancy continued until Gerald Ford was sworn in as vice president on December half dozen, 1973.^[49] Albert was besides next in line from the time Ford causeless the presidency on August 9, 1974, following Nixon's resignation from office, until Ford'south choice to succeed him every bit vice president, Nelson Rockefeller, was confirmed by Congress 4 months after.^[48]

See also [edit]

• Party leaders of the U.s. House of Representatives
• Party leaders of the Us Senate

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} "Speaker Elections Decided by Multiple Ballots". history.house.gov. United States Firm of Representatives. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved Jan 22, 2019.
2. ^ ^{a b} Relyea, Harold C. (August v, 2005). "Continuity of Regime: Electric current Federal Arrangements and the Hereafter" (PDF). CRS Report for Congress. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, the Library of Congress. pp. 2–4. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
3. ^ Brudnick, Ida A. (January four, 2012). "Congressional Salaries and Allowances" (PDF). CRS Written report for Congress. The states House of Representatives. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 12, 2019. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
4. ^ Heitshusen, Valerie (May 16, 2017). The Speaker of the House: House Officeholder, Political party Leader, and Representative (PDF) (Report). Congressional Inquiry Service. p. two. Archived (PDF) from the original on January fourteen, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2020. In fact, there is no requirement that the Speaker exist a Member of the House.
5. ^ Fram, Alan (Jan 3, 2021). "Pelosi narrowly reelected speaker, faces difficult 2021". AP News. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved Jan 3, 2021.
6. ^ Forte, David F. "Essays on Article I: Speaker of the House". Heritage Guide to The Constitution. Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on August 22, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
7. ^ ^{a b c} Heitshusen, Valerie; Beth, Richard Due south. (January 4, 2019). "Speakers of the House: Elections, 1913–2019" (PDF). CRS Report for Congress. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, the Library of Congress. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
8. ^ Grier, Peter (September 25, 2015). "John Boehner go out: Anyone can run for House speaker, fifty-fifty you". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on November 25, 2018. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
9. ^ Schudel, Matt (September 27, 2014). "James A. Traficant Jr., colorful Ohio congressman expelled by House, dies at 73". The Washington Mail service. Archived from the original on Baronial 12, 2015. Retrieved January eleven, 2019.
10. ^ "Fathers/Deans of the Business firm". history.house.gov. United States House of Representatives. Archived from the original on January 12, 2019. Retrieved Jan eleven, 2019.
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12. ^ "List of Speakers of the House". history.house.gov. Usa House of Representatives. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved Jan xi, 2019.
13. ^ Peart, Daniel (2021). "Rethinking the Office of the Speaker: Power, Institutional Development, and the Myth of the "Impartial Moderator" in the Early US House of Representatives". Journal of Policy History. 33 (1): 1–31. doi:10.1017/S0898030620000226. ISSN 0898-0306. S2CID 231694119. Archived from the original on Feb ii, 2021. Retrieved March xi, 2021.
14. ^ C. Stewart III, "Builder or tactician? Henry Dirt and the institutional development of the US House of Representatives" 1998, online Archived January fourteen, 2021, at the Wayback Car
15. ^ "Henry Dirt (1825–1829)". U.Due south. Presidents. Charlottesville, Virginia: Miller Eye of Public Diplomacy, Academy of Virginia. October 4, 2016. Archived from the original on May 10, 2021. Retrieved May x, 2021.
16. ^ Robinson, William A. "Thomas B. Reed, Parliamentarian". The American Historical Review, October 1931. pp. 137–138.
17. ^ Oleszek, Walter J. (Dec 1998). "A Pre-Twentieth Century Look at the House Committee on Rules". U.S. House of Representatives. Archived from the original on August 25, 2005. Retrieved July v, 2007.
18. ^ Jones, Charles O. (August 1968). "Joseph G. Cannon and Howard W. Smith: An Essay on the Limits of Leadership in the House of Representatives". The Periodical of Politics. 30 (three): 617–646. doi:10.2307/2128798. JSTOR 2128798. S2CID 154012153.
19. ^ "Sam Rayburn House Museum". Texas Historical Committee. Archived from the original on July 1, 2007. Retrieved July 5, 2007.
20. ^ Encounter Political party Divisions of U.s.a. Congresses
21. ^ Condon, Stephanie (August vi, 2010). "GOP to Launch "Fire Pelosi" Bus Tour". CBS News. Archived from the original on Feb 14, 2011. Retrieved Feb 11, 2011.
22. ^ ^{a b} Sanchez, Ray (November 3, 2010). "Nancy Pelosi: House Speaker'due south Sectional Interview With Diane Sawyer". ABC News. Archived from the original on June fifteen, 2011. Retrieved December 6, 2011.
23. ^ Cohen, Micah (January 4, 2013). "Were the G.O.P. Votes Against Boehner a Historic Rejection?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved March ane, 2019.
24. ^ Walsh, Deirdre (January 6, 2015). "Boehner Overcomes Large Opposition to Remain Speaker". CNN. Archived from the original on January 29, 2015. Retrieved March 1, 2019.
25. ^ Shesgreen, Deirdre; Allen, Cooper (September 25, 2015). "Speaker John Boehner to resign from Congress". USA Today. Archived from the original on January xiv, 2021. Retrieved Feb four, 2019.
26. ^ Wire, Sarah D. (Jan 3, 2019). "Nancy Pelosi regains the House speaker's gavel as Democrats confront Trump over partial shutdown". The Denver Post. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved September 28, 2019.
27. ^ Bush-league, George W. (January 23, 2007). "President Bush Delivers State of the Spousal relationship Address". The White House. Archived from the original on May 2, 2013. Retrieved August 26, 2007.
28. ^ Allan Nevins. Ordeal of the Union, Volume II: A House Dividing 1852–1857 (New York, 1947), 413–415.
29. ^ Allan Nevins. The Emergence of Lincoln, Volume Two: Prologue to Civil War, 1859–1861 (New York, 1950), 116–123.
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Bibliography [edit]

• Garraty, John, ed. American National Biography (1999) twenty volumes; contains scholarly biographies of all speakers no longer alive.
• Light-green, Matthew Due north. The Speaker of the Firm: A Study of Leadership (Yale Academy Printing; 2010) 292 pages; Examines partisan pressures and other factors that shaped the leadership of the speaker of the U.South. House of Representatives; focuses on the period since 1940.
• Grossman, Marking. Speakers of the Business firm of Representatives (Amenia, NY: Grayness House Publishing, 2009). The comprehensive work on the bailiwick, covering, in depth, the lives of the speakers from Frederick Muhlenberg to Nancy Pelosi.
• Heitshusen, Valerie (November 26, 2018). "Speakers of the House: Elections, 1913–2017" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved December 18, 2018.
• Remini, Robert V. The House: the History of the House of Representatives (Smithsonian Books, 2006). The standard scholarly history.
• Rohde, David W. Parties and Leaders in the Postreform Business firm (1991).
• Smock, Raymond W., and Susan W. Hammond, eds. Masters of the House: Congressional Leadership Over 2 Centuries (1998). Short biographies of key leaders.
• Zelizer. Julian E. ed. The American Congress: The Building of Democracy (2004). A comprehensive history by 40 scholars.

External links [edit]

• "Capitol Questions." C-Span (2003). Notable elections and role.
• The Cannon Centenary Conference: The Changing Nature of the Speakership. (2003). House Document 108–204. History, nature and role of the speakership.
• Congressional Quarterly'southward Guide to Congress, fifth ed. (2000). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Printing.
• Wilson, Woodrow. (1885). Congressional Regime. New York: Houghton Mifflin.

U.S. presidential line of succession
Preceded by Vice President Kamala Harris	2nd in line	Succeeded by President pro tempore of the Senate Patrick Leahy

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives

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